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- <text id=93TT0400>
- <title>
- Dec. 02, 1993: Sometimes The Door Slams Shut
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Dec. 02, 1993 Special Issue:The New Face Of America
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SPECIAL ISSUE:THE NEW FACE OF AMERICA
- Sometimes The Door Slams Shut, Page 33
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>By John Elson
- </p>
- <p> For most of its history, the U.S. has been wide open to immigrants--those from Europe, that is. Countless 19th century voyagers
- from the Old World pursued the uniquely egalitarian shelter
- of a New World so different from Europe's rigidly structured
- nation-states. Barriers to immigration did not square with the
- American ideal of opportunity for all.
- </p>
- <p> Not that each newcomer was welcomed by a fledgling society entirely
- free from fear and bias. In 1798 Congress raised the residency
- requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, largely to exclude
- political refugees from Europe who might foment revolution.
- Later some states imposed taxes on alien ship passengers they
- feared might become public charges.
- </p>
- <p> Such nativist sentiments only grew after the Civil War. The
- once vast frontier seemed less vast, and economic recessions
- raised fears that cheap foreign laborers might take American
- jobs. There was also the openly racist argument that some newcomers,
- Asians especially, could not be "assimilated." In 1882 Congress
- passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, imposing a head tax and excluding
- whole categories of people--convicts and the mentally ill,
- for example. For the first time there were real limits on European
- immigration. Twelve years later, a group calling itself the
- Immigration Restriction League adopted the pseudo science of
- eugenics as the basis for its contention that breeding from
- "inferior stock" would fatally weaken America.
- </p>
- <p> After World War I, there were fears that millions of displaced
- Europeans, newly influenced by Bolshevism, would infect America
- with alien ideology. As a result, a series of racism-tinted
- national-origins laws passed during the 1920s established an
- annual immigration quota of 150,000 that favored established
- groups like the Germans and Irish. Some nationalities, notably
- the Japanese, were excluded entirely. The national-origins system
- was preserved in the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act, though that notorious
- law did establish tiny quotas--100 or so a year--for such
- previously barred groups as Indians and Filipinos.
- </p>
- <p> Underlying these laws was the belief that preserving America's
- ethnic mix as it existed in 1920 was politically and culturally
- desirable. After World War II, the quotas were relaxed only
- to allow in politically favored groups, such as the 38,000 Hungarians
- who fled the 1956 Soviet crackdown. Inspired by Lyndon Johnson's
- Civil Rights Act, Congress in 1965 at last ended the national-origins
- system and opened America's doors to the Third World.
- </p>
- <p> The 1980 Refugee Act radically expanded the definition of those
- eligible for political asylum. But because it has been poorly
- enforced and easily abused, it helped bring on today's growing
- demand for new limits on aliens. Still, for the first time in
- its history, the U.S. has an immigration policy that, for better
- or worse, is truly democratic.--J.E.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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